In an experimental model of abdominal aortic aneurysm, topiramate markedly downregulated pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage activity, reduced the expression of TNF-, IL-1, and matrix metalloproteinase-9, and promoted a phenotypic shift of macrophages from M1 to M2, thereby mitigating pro-inflammatory activity and enhancing tissue repair processes ( These studies collectively suggest that topiramate exerts significant neuroprotective effects across various pathological models through its potent anti-inflammatory properties
It is not for human consumption or use in any diagnostic, therapeutic, or clinical applications
In summary, oxidative stress drives the occurrence and progression of CVDs, and the GSH system is positively involved in antioxidant activity, which is beneficial to their treatment and prognosis
Kadowaki, "Effects of lactulose on renal function and gut microbiota in adenine-induced chronic kidney disease rats", Clinical and Experimental Nephrology
Dear Doctor: What are the benefits and risks of taking kava
& Deng, F