One exception is regular B12 supplementation
Vessels injected with SM 1.0% were thrombosed between 2 and 10 days, after which the vessels normalized
For a non-dietary cause, maintenance is usually one injection every two to three months for life
On July 23, 2026, the FDAs Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee voted 8-6 to recommend adding BPC-157 and 8-6 to recommend adding KPV to the 503A Bulks List
It can also be depleted by chronic stress, alcohol, smoking, digestive issues, cardiovascular disease, illness, and aging because stomach acid production decreases with age, reducing B12 absorption significantly
[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 121.Kendall DM, Riddle MC, Rosenstock J, et al