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10.1038/sj.cdd.4401373 Cell Death Differ

Cancer 23 (3), 115134

A 2025 comprehensive review in IJMS describes emerging delivery strategies including lipid nanoparticle-based mRNA therapies and CRISPR-dCas9 epigenetic editing to overcome BBB obstacles

Lasa JS, Zubiaurre I, Soifer LO

A healing rotator cuff tendon in a rat is not the same as a healing human rotator cuff tendon, or a healing ACL reconstruction surgery thats augmented with a peptide in a rabbit, which is a common model for ACL studies, does not equate to the human ACL, Frank said

However, compounds with an amino acid-based structure (i.e., peptides, proteins, peptidomimetics), including those used in therapeutic applications, have a number of serious limitations, such as conformational instability, short duration of action (short half-life), and insufficient penetration through the bloodbrain barrier (BBB) [3,4,5]