Vitamin B12 injections are most clinically appropriate in cases of confirmed vitamin B12 deficiency, malabsorption syndromes including pernicious anaemia or post-gastric surgery, significant symptoms where rapid restoration of vitamin B12 levels is required, or failure of oral supplementation due to poor absorption
Together, our findings support that TGF 1 is driving BBB permeability via downregulation of claudin-5 and upregulation of MMP9 and that these effects are dependent on SMAD3
Limitations: No modern trials have replicated this in younger, healthy populations
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Hearing timelines also improved during 2025, with waits dropping by around 10% by the end of the year compared to earlier in the backlog