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Several strategies minimize waste: Match reconstitution to usage rate
Those with pernicious anaemia , Crohn's disease , coeliac disease , or who have undergone gastric surgery typically need intramuscular B12 injections (hydroxocobalamin) as oral absorption is unreliable
Diagnosis of cobalamin malabsorption usually involves bloodwork to measure serum cobalamin levels and may include genetic tests, especially for informed breeding decisions
In automated research environments, bacteriostatic water ensures that reagents remain sterile and uncontaminated over multiple handling cycles, supporting reliable and reproducible experimental outcomes
Data suggest it may support mucosal integrity and promote epithelial regeneration under stress or chemically induced injury, making it a point of interest in GI-focused research