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FIGURE 1 Initially, the degradation of extracellular GSH by membrane-bound -glutamyltransferases (GTs) was considered the major pathway for GSH breakdown (Orlowski and Meister, 1970)

10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.001 47 KalamkarS.AcharyaJ.Kolappurath MadathilA.GajjarV.DivateU.Karandikar-IyerS.et al (2022)

In this regard, mutations to NRF2 and its regulator KEAP1 have been found in cancer cells, supporting the supposition that antioxidant genes are pivotal in tumor progression 59,60,61,62

Additionally, CCK-8 assays were performed on the remaining tumor cells to determine cell viability

Biomed Pharmacother 95:974982 Cheng J, Eroglu A (2021) The promising effects of astaxanthin on lung diseases

10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.050 Free Radic Biol Med