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Foods like asparagus, avocados, and cruciferous vegetables contain modest amounts, but supplementation is generally necessary to achieve therapeutic levels

The breadth of proposed effects in the animal literature is unusual for a compound with such a clean mechanistic profile

Entorhinal cortex-based metabolic profiling of chronic restraint stress mice model of depression

Charged amino acids in the sixth transmembrane helix of multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1) are critical determinants of transport activity

Research remains exploratory, focusing on neural communication, pathway interaction, and system-wide regulatory responses rather than clinical or physiological outcomes

PMID 15860375