For example, using the same type of collection tubes and processing methods for all samples to minimize variability, the use quality control samples to detect and normalize any variability, to store samples at a constant and appropriate temperature and avoid temperature fluctuations, to prevent exposure to moisture and oxygen which can lead to oxidation and degradation of certain metabolites and to standardize quenching procedures and temperature for all samples, are strongly recommended
The authors suggest that this variability may be secondary to differences in vitamin C dosing, route of administration and duration of supplementation
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For gut health specifically, oral is the preferred route for direct tissue contact
NAD+ IV therapy delivers higher doses directly into the bloodstream over 2-4 hours while intramuscular injections provide smaller doses absorbed gradually through muscle tissue in 15-20 minutes
Moreover, ser/gly synthesis and downstream one-carbon metabolism modulate the NAD + /NADH and NAD p + /NADPH ratios, maintaining NADH and NADPH reductive equivalents in cancer cells [26, 27]
