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The translational value of targeting cuproptosis and copper metabolism lies in the identification of key regulatory molecules (e.g., FDX1, DLAT, ATP7A/B) and potential biomarkers (e.g., serum CP and NCC) that could guide clinical decision-making

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NMDA receptor activity depends on agonists and co-agonists such as glycine for optimal function, and disturbances in glycine availability may contribute to NMDA receptor hypofunction (Harada et al

AEDG) used in controlled in-vitro research to explore telomere biology pathways, cellular senescence markers, and circadian-related peptide signalling under non-clinical conditions

Abbreviations RA: Rheumatoid arthritis TCM: Traditional Chinese medicine BR: Bilirubin RM: Red blood cell membranes Cel: Celastrol ROS: Reactive oxygen species RES: Reticuloendothelial system HA: Hyaluronic acid PBS: Phosphate Buffered Saline MD: Molecular dynamics RMSD: Root mean square deviation SASA: Solvent-accessible surface area 1 H-NMR: Hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy DMSO-d6: Dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 D 2 O: Deuterium oxide Cou6: Coumarin 6 DIR: 1,1-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3,3-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodine DCFH-DA: 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate DAF-FM DA: 4-amino-5-methylamino-2,7-difluorofluorescein diacetate NO: Nitric oxide WB: Western blotting PCA: Principal component analysis DEGs: Differentially expressed genes KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes micro-CT: Micro-computed tomography H&E: Hematoxylin and eosin SO-FG: Senna O-Fixed Green TRAP staining: Tartaric acid staining PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline ALP staining: Alkaline phosphatase staining ALT: Aminotransferase AST: Aspartate aminotransferase CCK8: Cell Counting Kit-8 UV-vis: Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometryp FT-IR: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy LPS: Lipopolysaccharide SDS-PAGE: Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis References Smolen JS, Aletaha D, Barton A, Burmester GR, Emery P, Firestein GS, et al