A subsequent larger RCT (n=72) confirmed these findings, showing improvements in gait speed, grip strength, exercise capacity, waist circumference, and systolic blood pressure (Kumar et al., J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2023) [21]
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ZaricBLRadovanovicJNGluvicZStewartAJEssackMMotwalliOet alAtherosclerosis linked to aberrant amino acid metabolism and immunosuppressive amino acid catabolizing enzymes
How to implement: Dosing: 20-40 grams daily (post-workout or as snack) Choose undenatured whey (cold-processed, preserves bioactive peptides) Whey protein isolate (higher protein content, lower lactose) Best sources: Grass-fed whey isolate : Highest cysteine content Undenatured whey concentrate : Preserves immunoglobulins and glutathione precursors Avoid heat-treated : Heat denatures cysteine Timing: Post-workout (supports muscle recovery + glutathione synthesis) Morning (with breakfast) For vegans: Pea protein isolate : Lower in cysteine but can be paired with NAC Hemp protein : Moderate cysteine content Evidence: A randomized trial found that 20 grams of whey protein daily for 3 months increased lymphocyte glutathione by 35% and improved immune markers in HIV patients [15]
Dietary changes: Foods rich in sulfur, such as garlic, onions, and cruciferous vegetables
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