Gastrointestinal symptoms such as mild digestive discomfort affect some patients, though severe reactions are uncommon
Some NHS/ICB guidance notes oral options for dietary-related deficiency, and that long-term injection schedules depend on the cause
Underlying health conditions: Some health conditions, such as gastrointestinal disorders or liver disease, can affect B12 absorption and metabolism, potentially leading to shorter-lasting benefits from B12 injections
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Malabsorption from coeliac disease, Crohns, gastric surgery or long-term metformin and proton-pump inhibitors accounts for much of the rest
Vitamin B-12 is essential for energy production, red blood cell formation, and nervous system health