Studied primarily in gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal tissue models
Critical as well as deceased COVID-19 patients demonstrate significantly lower serum levels of EPO, haptoglobin, and hepcidin compared to survivors or mild cases 439
Experimental studies suggest that KPV may help protect the intestinal barrier by: reducing inflammatory damage to epithelial cells limiting immune cell infiltration into intestinal tissue improving histological markers of mucosal healing In murine models of inflammatory bowel disease, KPV administration significantly reduced colonic inflammation and improved tissue architecture (Kannengiesser et al., 2008)
in its active form (thiamine diphosphate), it is an essential cofactor for enzymes in glucose and amino acid catabolism, helping convert nutrients into ATP and supporting normal neuronal function
When repair falls short, tissue integrity is still at least initially maintained by independent stress-response mechanisms as apoptosis and cellular senescence(de Keizer, 2017)
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