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PMCID: PMC5622700

Phosphorylated Cap1 induces the expression of Cap1-dependent antioxidant genes, including glutathione reductase ( GLR1 ) and thioredoxin reductase ( TRR1 ) [40, 41]

Shulman et al., 2014)

Studies have shown that it inhibits the mRNA and protein expression of CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 (Ooi et al., 2011)

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1639438 Received 02 June 2025 Revised 17 November 2025 Accepted 17 November 2025 Published 12 February 2026 Volume 16 - 2025 Edited by Xue-Gong Li, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China Reviewed by Emmanuel Oliver Fenibo, Hensard University, Nigeria Judy Malas, University of Illinois Chicago, United States Alef Dos Santos, Ume University, Sweden Updates Copyright 2026 del Moral, Siggs, Macey, Fox-Powell, Pearson and Olsson-Francis