It remains mainly at the animal experimental stage, lacking clinical trial data in humans
Metformin may result in suboptimal oral vitamin B12 absorption by competitively blocking the calcium-dependent binding of the intrinsic factor-vitamin B12 complex to its receptor
The melanocortin system, a network of hormonal and neuropeptidergic pathways, plays a crucial role in various physiological processes
This suggests that B12 might influence how skin bacteria, particularly Cutibacterium acnes , behave, potentially triggering breakouts in certain individuals
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Digestive Disorders: Conditions like Crohns disease, celiac disease, or atrophic gastritis can impair B12 absorption