For acute fasting experiments, food was withdrawn at 9:00 a.m
102,103 Among them, MCT1 is induced by c-Myc to be expressed in all cells and is responsible for the transport of lactate and pyruvate, whereas MCT4 (monocarboxylate transporter 4) is a highly efficient lactate transporter protein induced by hypoxia and is highly expressed in glycolytic tissues (e.g., white muscle fibers) and cancer cells
Compared to cytosolic NADK (cNADK), mitochondrial NADK (mNADK) has a distinctive feature that it can directly phosphorylate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) to generate NADPH to alleviate oxidative stress in mitochondria
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After 812 h, the microbial metabolites 5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)--valerolactone and 5-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)--valerolactone (see section 6.1 Pre-systemic metabolism: role of gut microbiota) were present in urine ( As for the half-lives (t) of Pycnogenol components and metabolites in vivo , small molecules revealed short to intermediate terminal t of 4.42 2.47 h for caffeic acid, 6.87 3.83 h for ferulic acid and 8.89 2.81 h for taxifolin (Figure 2) (55)
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