These findings indicate that postbiotics are not simply a downgraded surrogate for live probiotics but rather concentrate and potentiate key bioactive components
Rodent models have contributed significantly to our understanding of synaptic physiology, but growing evidence points to distinctive features of human neurons that are not fully captured in rodents 5 , making direct investigation in human cells essential for studying synaptic pathologies linked to cognitive decline
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The hallmark pathological features of AD include the accumulation of -amyloid (A) peptides forming senile plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau aggregating into neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), accompanied by synaptic dysfunction, neuronal loss, and chronic neuroinflammation (Agostinho et al., 2010
Glutathione is a tripeptide of three amino acids
These integrated benefits make amino acid supplementation not only a nutritional necessity but a sustainability tool, helping aquaculture align with global environmental and economic goals
