IRE1A-stimulated hepatocyte-derived EVs, having ceramide-derived sphingosine 1-phosphate, enhance macrophage migration, which results in an inflammatory response in the liver (77, 85)
The contradictory response of glutathione gel in the treatment of melasma in different studies may be attributed to the difference in stability, absorption, penetration of glutathione and affected by the different vehicle (soap, cream, gel or lotion) rather than the efficacy of glutathione itself
5.3 Future research directions As the pathogenesis of DCM continues to be explored, future research is likely to focus on several key areas: 5.3.1 Development of precision-targeted drugs Current pharmacological treatments for DCM and its complications largely rely on non-specific approaches, focusing on symptom management rather than addressing the underlying pathological mechanisms
SN-38 is inactivated mainly by UGT, since it has a narrow therapeutic range toxicity can occur in GS patients[43]
Early intervention is key
Proper storage of lyophilized peptide powder is crucial for maintaining its stability
