Nicotine changes the viability, morphology, and motility of epithelium in various organs, including the respiratory system and oral mucosa [87,88,89]
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Similarly, during influenza A virus infection, e-cigaretteexposed mice showed higher viral titers, worsened illness severity, and increased mortality ( These findings suggest that e-cigarette aerosols weaken host immune defenses, increasing vulnerability to both bacterial and viral pathogensan especially concerning effect in children and adolescents, whose immune systems are still maturing ( 3.2.4 Effects on mental health and neurodevelopment Based on the body of experimental, clinical, and epidemiological evidence examined in this review, the effects of e-cigarettes appear to extend beyond physical health, with significant implications for adolescent brain development and mental health
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