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Similar dysbiotic changes are observed in the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems, where smoking impairs mucosal immunity, increases oxidative stress, and compromises barrier integrity, thereby enhancing susceptibility to chronic diseases
Correlation between family or peer views on tobacco use, rules against smoking in the home, family or peer smoking status, and smoking cessation in adults with mental health problems who smoke All three family and peer factors were positively correlated with each other
Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on the intestinal microbiota
doi:10.1002/adma.201102900
Smokers are up to 30 times more likely to get lung cancer than non-smokers