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From a biological perspective, stress activates the release of cortisol, a hormone that can reinforce habitual behaviours

But they should lead policymakers to ask a deeper question: what has actually driven adult smokers away from cigarettes

Cannabis smoke doesn't contain nicotine, but it leaves behind sticky resin compounds that bond to interior surfaces the same way cigarette tar does

All local ethical committees provided ethical approval, and participants provided written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki

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Introduced by the tobacco industry in the 1950s, following the early studies showing cigarette smoking caused lung cancer, the filters do not confer any level of harm reduction