Maternal age was categorized as Under 15, 1519, 2024, 2529, 3034, 3539, 4044, and 45 and over. Race was categorized as White, Black, American Indian or Alaskan Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander. Educational attainment was categorized as Less than a high school degree, High school diploma or General Education Development (GED), Some college or associate degree, Bachelors degree, and Masters degree or higher. Statistical analysis Sociodemographic characteristics were reported with weighted percentages and classified by the smoking status during pregnancy (smoker, nonsmoker)
Science 369, 12101220
8 Roberts, p
Bradford Hill British Medical Journal 1950 (volume two), pages 740-748 September 30, 1950 In England and Wales the phenomenal increase in the number of deaths attributed to cancer of the lung provides one of the most striking changes in the pattern of mortality recorded by the Registrar-General
In a further analysis, we also found that the type of fat that increases is more likely the visceral fat, rather than the fat just under the skin. Previous studies have been prone to confounding, which happens when an independent variable affects the results
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