Glutamic acid is the acid form of glutamate, meaning it has an extra hydrogen (Figure 1)
Selenium Selenium is a trace element that supports the production of antioxidant enzymes
It modulates nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, promotes angiogenesis through VEGF upregulation, interacts with dopamine and serotonin receptor systems, and influences growth hormone receptor expression
Collectively, these efforts will provide both theoretical foundations for novel OA therapies targeting the gut-joint axis and ferroptosis and evidence for translational medicine to establish a precision treatment system rooted in the gut-joint axis-ferroptosis framework
Dual and triple incretin-based co-agonists: novel therapeutics for obesity and diabetes
By advocating a multidisciplinary framework that merges traditional medicine, modern pharmacology, and precision medicine, this work contributes to reshaping the AD landscape of therapy